Replicating in a multi-copy environment

ABSTRACT

In one aspect, a method, includes changing a production site from a first node to a second node, recording a point in time, P i , of the production site fail over from the first node to the second node and replicating data from the second node to a third node. The replicating includes determining a latest common point in time, P x , that metadata changes were received between the second node and the third node, adding metadata changes between the time, P x , and a latest point in time that metadata was received at the third node to a delta marking stream on the third node, determining an earliest time, P L , between the time, P i , and the time, P x , and adding metadata changes from the time, P L , to the latest point in time that metadata was received at the second node to a delta marking stream on the second node.

BACKGROUND

Computer data is vital to today's organizations, and a significant part of protection against disasters is focused on data protection. As solid-state memory has advanced to the point where cost of memory has become a relatively insignificant factor, organizations can afford to operate with systems that store and process terabytes of data.

Conventional data protection systems include tape backup drives, for storing organizational production site data on a periodic basis. Such systems suffer from several drawbacks. First, they require a system shutdown during backup, since the data being backed up cannot be used during the backup operation. Second, they limit the points in time to which the production site can recover. For example, if data is backed up on a daily basis, there may be several hours of lost data in the event of a disaster. Third, the data recovery process itself takes a long time.

Another conventional data protection system uses data replication, by creating a copy of the organization's production site data on a secondary backup storage system, and updating the backup with changes. The backup storage system may be situated in the same physical location as the production storage system, or in a physically remote location. Data replication systems generally operate either at the application level, at the file system level, or at the data block level.

Current data protection systems try to provide continuous data protection, which enable the organization to roll back to any specified point in time within a recent history. Continuous data protection systems aim to satisfy two conflicting objectives, as best as possible; namely, (i) minimize the down time, in which the organization production site data is unavailable, during a recovery, and (ii) enable recovery as close as possible to any specified point in time within a recent history.

CDP systems generally include an initialization process when synchronizing first and second volumes. While it is desirable to compare data signatures instead of actual data as much as possible for greater efficiency, there are times when signature comparison could be used but is not available in conventional CDP systems.

SUMMARY

In one aspect, a method, includes changing a production site from a first node to a second node, recording a point in time, P_(i), of the production site failover from the first node to the second node and replicating data from the second node to a third node. The replicating includes determining a latest common point in time, P_(x), that metadata changes were received between the second node and the third node, adding metadata changes between the time, P_(x), and a latest point in time that metadata was received at the third node to a delta marking stream on the third node, determining an earliest time, P_(L), between the time, P_(i), and the time, P_(x) and adding metadata changes from the time, P_(L), to the latest point in time that metadata was received at the second node to a delta marking stream on the second node.

In another aspect, an apparatus includes circuitry to change a production site from a first node to a second node, record a point in time, P_(i), of the production site failover from the first node to the second node and replicate data from the second node to a third node. The circuitry to replicate data includes circuitry to determine a latest common point in time, P_(x), that metadata changes were received between the second node and the third node, add metadata changes between the time, P_(x), and a latest point in time that metadata was received at the third node to a delta marking stream on the third node, determine an earliest time, P_(L), between the time, P_(i) and the time, P_(x) and add metadata changes from the time, P_(L), to the latest point in time that metadata was received at the second node to a delta marking stream on the second node.

In a further aspect, an article instructions a non-transitory machine-readable medium that stores executable instructions that cause a machine to change a production site from a first node to a second node, record a point in time, P_(i), of the production site failover from the first node to the second node and replicate data from the second node to a third node. The instructions cause the machine to replicate data include instructions causing the machine to determine a latest common point in time, P_(x), that metadata changes were received between the second node and the third node, add metadata changes between the time, P_(>), and a latest point in time that metadata was received at the third node to a delta marking stream on the third node, determine an earliest time, P_(L), between the time, P_(i), and the time, P_(x) and add metadata changes from the time, P_(L), to the latest point in time that metadata was received at the second node to a delta marking stream on the second node.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a simplified block diagram of a data protection system.

FIG. 2 is a simplified illustration of a journal history of write transactions for a storage system.

FIG. 3A is a simplified illustration of a first stage of a journal and four data streams stored therein, after recording three write transactions.

FIG. 3B is a simplified illustration of a second stage of a journal and four data streams stored therein, after applying a first write transactions to a storage system.

FIG. 3C is a simplified illustration of a third stage of a journal history and four data streams stored therein, after applying a second write transactions to a storage system.

FIG. 3D is a simplified illustration of a fourth stage of a journal history and four data streams stored therein, after rolling back a write transaction.

FIGS. 4, 4A and 4B are a simplified flowchart of a data protection method during a normal production mode.

FIGS. 5, 5A and 5B are a simplified flowchart of a data protection method during a data recovery mode, prior to completion of rollback.

FIGS. 6, 6A and 6B are a simplified flowchart of a data protection method during a data recovery mode, after completion of rollback.

FIG. 7 is a simplified illustration of a time-line for tracking new processing of old data.

FIG. 8 is a simplified illustration of a five-stage journaling process for continuous data replication.

FIG. 9 is a simplified illustration of a four-stage journaling process for continuous data replication, for use when an I/O data rate is low.

FIG. 10 is a simplified illustration of a three-stage journaling process for continuous data replication, for use when an I/O data rate is high.

FIG. 11 is a simplified state diagram of transitions between 5-stage, 4-stage and 3-stage journal processing.

FIG. 12 is a simplified illustration of a variant of the three-stage journaling process shown in FIG. 10.

FIG. 13 is a schematic depiction of a volume synchronization environment.

FIG. 13A is a block diagram showing data signature comparison during volume synchronization.

FIG. 14 is a schematic depiction of a distributor for data streams using during volume synchronization.

FIG. 15 is a schematic depiction of dirty location map generation as part of volume synchronization.

FIG. 16 is a flow diagram showing an exemplary sequence of steps for volume synchronization with selective data signature transmission.

FIG. 17 is a diagram of a network with a first node as a production site.

FIGS. 18A and 18B are diagrams of networks with a second node replacing the first node as the production site.

FIG. 19 is a flowchart of an example of a process to replicate data using the second node as the production site.

FIG. 20A is a diagram of DO and UNDO streams of the second node indicating when data has been saved.

FIG. 20B is a diagram of DO and UNDO streams of a third node indicating when data has been saved.

FIG. 21 is a flowchart of an example of a process to replicate data using the second node as the production site and the first node as a target site.

FIG. 22 is a computer on which the process of FIG. 19 may be implemented.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The following definitions are employed throughout the specification and claims.

BACKUP SITE—a facility where replicated production site data is stored; the backup site may be located in a remote site or at the same location as the production site;

DPA—a computer or a cluster of computers that serve as a data protection appliance, responsible for data protection services including inter alia data replication of a storage system, and journaling of I/O requests issued by a host computer to the storage system;

HOST—at least one computer or networks of computers that runs at least one data processing application that issues I/O requests to one or more storage systems; a host is an initiator with a SAN;

HOST DEVICE—an internal interface in a host, to a logical storage unit;

IMAGE—a copy of a logical storage unit at a specific point in time;

INITIATOR—a node in a SAN that issues I/O requests;

JOURNAL—a record of write transactions issued to a storage system; used to maintain a duplicate storage system, and to rollback the duplicate storage system to a previous point in time;

LOGICAL UNIT—a logical entity provided by a storage system for accessing data from the storage system;

LUN—a logical unit number for identifying a logical unit;

PHYSICAL STORAGE UNIT—a physical entity, such as a disk or an array of disks, for storing data in storage locations that can be accessed by address;

PRODUCTION SITE—a facility where one or more host computers run data processing applications that write data to a storage system and read data from the storage system;

SAN—a storage area network of nodes that send and receive I/O and other requests, each node in the network being an initiator or a target, or both an initiator and a target;

SOURCE SIDE—a transmitter of data within a data replication workflow, during normal operation a production site is the source side; and during data recovery a backup site is the source side;

STORAGE SYSTEM—a SAN entity that provides multiple logical units for access by multiple SAN initiators

TARGET—a node in a SAN that replies to I/O requests;

TARGET SIDE—a receiver of data within a data replication workflow; during normal operation a back site is the target side, and during data recovery a production site is the target side;

WAN—a wide area network that connects local networks and enables them to communicate with one another, such as the Internet.

The methods and apparatus of exemplary embodiments may take the form, at least partially, of program code (i.e., instructions) embodied in tangible media, such as disks (element 5 in FIG. 1), CD-ROMs 6, hard drives 7, random access or read only-memory 8, or any other machine-readable storage medium, including transmission medium. When the program code is loaded into and executed by a machine, such as a computer, the machine becomes an apparatus for practicing the embodiments described herein. The media can include portions in different system components, such as memory in a host, an application instance, and or, a management station. The methods and apparatus may be embodied in the form of program code that may be implemented such that when the program code is received and loaded into and executed by a machine, such as a computer, the machine becomes an apparatus for practicing the embodiments described herein. When implemented on processor, the program code combines with the processor to provide a unique apparatus that operates analogously to specific logic circuits. The program code (software-based logic) for carrying out the method is embodied as part of the system described below.

Reference is now made to FIG. 1, which is a simplified illustration of a data protection system 100. Shown in FIG. 1 are two sites; Site I, which is a production site, on the right, and Site II, which is a backup site, on the left. Under normal operation the production site is the source side of system 100, and the backup site is the target side of the system. The backup site is responsible for replicating production site data. Additionally, the backup site enables rollback of Site I data to an earlier pointing time, which may be used in the event of data corruption of a disaster, or alternatively in order to view or to access data from an earlier point in time.

During normal operations, the direction of replicate data flow goes from source side to target side. It is possible, however, for a user to reverse the direction of replicate data flow, in which case Site I starts to behave as a target backup site, and Site II starts to behave as a source production site. Such change of replication direction is referred to as a “failover”. A failover may be performed in the event of a disaster at the production site, or for other reasons. In some data architectures, Site I or Site II behaves as a production site for a portion of stored data, and behaves simultaneously as a backup site for another portion of stored data. In some data architectures, a portion of stored data is replicated to a backup site, and another portion is not.

The production site and the backup site may be remote from one another, or they may both be situated at a common site, local to one another. Local data protection has the advantage of minimizing data lag between target and source, and remote data protection has the advantage is being robust in the event that a disaster occurs at the source side.

The source and target sides communicate via a wide area network (WAN) 128, although other types of networks are also adaptable for use.

Each side of system 100 includes three major components coupled via a storage area network (SAN); namely, (i) a storage system, (ii) a host computer, and (iii) a data protection appliance (DPA). Specifically with reference to FIG. 1, the source side SAN includes a source host computer 104, a source storage system 108, and a source DPA 112. Similarly, the target side SAN includes a target host computer 116, a target storage system 120, and a target DPA 124.

Generally, a SAN includes one or more devices, referred to as “nodes”. A node in a SAN may be an “initiator” or a “target”, or both. An initiator node is a device that is able to initiate requests to one or more other devices; and a target node is a device that is able to reply to requests, such as SCSI commands, sent by an initiator node. A SAN may also include network switches, such as fiber channel switches. The communication links between each host computer and its corresponding storage system may be any appropriate medium suitable for data transfer, such as fiber communication channel links.

The host communicates with its corresponding storage system using small computer system interface (SCSI) commands.

System 100 includes source storage system 108 and target storage system 120. Each storage system includes physical storage units for storing data, such as disks or arrays of disks. Typically, storage systems 108 and 120 are target nodes. In order to enable initiators to send requests to storage system 108, storage system 108 exposes one or more logical units (LU) to which commands are issued. Thus, storage systems 108 and 120 are SAN entities that provide multiple logical units for access by multiple SAN initiators.

Logical units are a logical entity provided by a storage system, for accessing data stored in the storage system. A logical unit is identified by a unique logical unit number (LUN). In one example, storage system 108 exposes a logical unit 136, designated as LU A, and storage system 120 exposes a logical unit 156, designated as LU B.

In one example, LU B is used for replicating LU A. As such, LU B is generated as a copy of LU A. In one embodiment, LU B is configured so that its size is identical to the size of LU A. Thus for LU A, storage system 120 serves as a backup for source side storage system 108. Alternatively, as mentioned hereinabove, some logical units of storage system 120 may be used to back up logical units of storage system 108, and other logical units of storage system 120 may be used for other purposes. Moreover, in some examples, there is symmetric replication whereby some logical units of storage system 108 are used for replicating logical units of storage system 120, and other logical units of storage system 120 are used for replicating other logical units of storage system 108.

System 100 includes a source side host computer 104 and a target side host computer 116. A host computer may be one computer, or a plurality of computers, or a network of distributed computers, each computer may include inter alia a conventional CPU, volatile and non-volatile memory, a data bus, an I/O interface, a display interface and a network interface. Generally a host computer runs at least one data processing application, such as a database application and an e-mail server.

Generally, an operating system of a host computer creates a host device for each logical unit exposed by a storage system in the host computer SAN. A host device is a logical entity in a host computer, through which a host computer may access a logical unit. In one example, host device 104 identifies LU A and generates a corresponding host device 140, designated as Device A, through which it can access LU A. Similarly, host computer 116 identifies LU B and generates a corresponding device 160, designated as Device B.

In one example, in the course of continuous operation, host computer 104 is a SAN initiator that issues I/O requests (write/read operations) through host device 140 to LU A using, for example, SCSI commands. Such requests are generally transmitted to LU A with an address that includes a specific device identifier, an offset within the device, and a data size. Offsets are generally aligned to 512 byte blocks. The average size of a write operation issued by host computer 104 may be, for example, 10 kilobytes (KB); i.e., 20 blocks. For an I/O rate of 50 megabytes (MB) per second, this corresponds to approximately 5,000 write transactions per second.

System 100 includes two data protection appliances, a source side DPA 112 and a target side DPA 124. A DPA performs various data protection services, such as data replication of a storage system, and journaling of I/O requests issued by a host computer to source side storage system data. As explained in detail hereinbelow, when acting as a target side DPA, a DPA may also enable rollback of data to an earlier point in time, and processing of rolled back data at the target site. Each DPA 112 and 124 is a computer that includes inter alia one or more conventional CPUs and internal memory.

For additional safety precaution, each DPA is a cluster of such computers. Use of a cluster ensures that if a DPA computer is down, then the DPA functionality switches over to another computer. The DPA computers within a DPA cluster communicate with one another using at least one communication link suitable for data transfer via fiber channel or IP based protocols, or such other transfer protocol. One computer from the DPA cluster serves as the DPA leader. The DPA cluster leader coordinates between the computers in the cluster, and may also perform other tasks that require coordination between the computers, such as load balancing.

In the architecture illustrated in FIG. 1, DPA 112 and DPA 124 are standalone devices integrated within a SAN. Alternatively, each of DPA 112 and DPA 124 may be integrated into storage system 108 and storage system 120, respectively, or integrated into host computer 104 and host computer 116, respectively. Both DPAs communicate with their respective host computers through communication lines such as fiber channels using, for example, SCSI commands.

In one example, DPAs 112 and 124 are configured to act as initiators in the SAN; i.e., they can issue I/O requests using, for example, SCSI commands, to access logical units on their respective storage systems. DPA 112 and DPA 124 are also configured with the necessary functionality to act as targets; i.e., to reply to I/O requests, such as SCSI commands, issued by other initiators in the SAN, including inter alia their respective host computers 104 and 116. Being target nodes, DPA 112 and DPA 124 may dynamically expose or remove one or more logical units.

As described hereinabove, Site I and Site II may each behave simultaneously as a production site and a backup site for different logical units. As such, DPA 112 and DPA 124 may each behave as a source DPA for some logical units, and as a target DPA for other logical units, at the same time.

In on example, host computer 104 and host computer 116 include protection agents 144 and 164, respectively. Protection agents 144 and 164 intercept SCSI commands issued by their respective host computers, via host devices to logical units that are accessible to the host computers. In other examples, a data protection agent may act on an intercepted SCSI commands issued to a logical unit, in one of the following ways:

Send the SCSI commands to its intended logical unit.

Redirect the SCSI command to another logical unit.

Split the SCSI command by sending it first to the respective DPA. After the DPA returns an acknowledgement, send the SCSI command to its intended logical unit.

Fail a SCSI command by returning an error return code.

Delay a SCSI command by not returning an acknowledgement to the respective host computer.

A protection agent may handle different SCSI commands, differently, according to the type of the command. For example, a SCSI command inquiring about the size of a certain logical unit may be sent directly to that logical unit, while a SCSI write command may be split and sent first to a DPA associated with the agent. A protection agent may also change its behavior for handling SCSI commands, for example as a result of an instruction received from the DPA.

Specifically, the behavior of a protection agent for a certain host device generally corresponds to the behavior of its associated DPA with respect to the logical unit of the host device. When a DPA behaves as a source site DPA for a certain logical unit, then during normal course of operation, the associated protection agent splits I/O requests issued by a host computer to the host device corresponding to that logical unit. Similarly, when a DPA behaves as a target device for a certain logical unit, then during normal course of operation, the associated protection agent fails I/O requests issued by host computer to the host device corresponding to that logical unit.

Communication between protection agents and their respective DPAs may use any protocol suitable for data transfer within a SAN, such as fiber channel, or SCSI over fiber channel. The communication may be direct, or via a logical unit exposed by the DPA. In one example, protection agents communicate with their respective DPAs by sending SCSI commands over fiber channel.

In one example, protection agents 144 and 164 are drivers located in their respective host computers 104 and 116. Alternatively, a protection agent may also be located in a fiber channel switch, or in any other device situated in a data path between a host computer and a storage system.

What follows is a detailed description of system behavior under normal production mode, and under recovery mode.

In one example, in production mode DPA 112 acts as a source site DPA for LU A. Thus, protection agent 144 is configured to act as a source side protection agent; i.e., as a splitter for host device A. Specifically, protection agent 144 replicates SCSI I/O requests. A replicated SCSI I/O request is sent to DPA 112. After receiving an acknowledgement from DPA 124, protection agent 144 then sends the SCSI I/O request to LU A. Only after receiving a second acknowledgement from storage system 108 will host computer 104 initiate another I/O request.

When DPA 112 receives a replicated SCSI write request from data protection agent 144, DPA 112 transmits certain I/O information characterizing the write request, packaged as a “write transaction”, over WAN 128 to DPA 124 on the target side, for journaling and for incorporation within target storage system 120.

DPA 112 may send its write transactions to DPA 124 using a variety of modes of transmission, including inter alia (i) a synchronous mode, (ii) an asynchronous mode, and (iii) a snapshot mode. In synchronous mode, DPA 112 sends each write transaction to DPA 124, receives back an acknowledgement from DPA 124, and in turns sends an acknowledgement back to protection agent 144. Protection agent 144 waits until receipt of such acknowledgement before sending the SCSI write request to LU A.

In asynchronous mode, DPA 112 sends an acknowledgement to protection agent 144 upon receipt of each I/O request, before receiving an acknowledgement back from DPA 124.

In snapshot mode, DPA 112 receives several I/O requests and combines them into an aggregate “snapshot” of all write activity performed in the multiple I/O requests, and sends the snapshot to DPA 124, for journaling and for incorporation in target storage system 120. In snapshot mode DPA 112 also sends an acknowledgement to protection agent 144 upon receipt of each I/O request, before receiving an acknowledgement back from DPA 124.

For the sake of clarity, the ensuing discussion assumes that information is transmitted at write-by-write granularity.

While in production mode, DPA 124 receives replicated data of LU A from DPA 112, and performs journaling and writing to storage system 120. When applying write operations to storage system 120, DPA 124 acts as an initiator, and sends SCSI commands to LU B.

During a recovery mode, DPA 124 undoes the write transactions in the journal, so as to restore storage system 120 to the state it was at, at an earlier time.

As described hereinabove, in one example, LU B is used as a backup of LU A. As such, during normal production mode, while data written to LU A by host computer 104 is replicated from LU A to LU B, host computer 116 should not be sending I/O requests to LU B. To prevent such I/O requests from being sent, protection agent 164 acts as a target site protection agent for host Device B and fails I/O requests sent from host computer 116 to LU B through host Device B.

In one example, target storage system 120 exposes a logical unit 176, referred to as a “journal LU”, for maintaining a history of write transactions made to LU B, referred to as a “journal”. Alternatively, journal LU 176 may be striped over several logical units, or may reside within all of or a portion of another logical unit. DPA 124 includes a journal processor 180 for managing the journal.

Journal processor 180 functions generally to manage the journal entries of LU B. Specifically, journal processor 180 (i) enters write transactions received by DPA 124 from DPA 112 into the journal, by writing them into the journal LU, (ii) applies the journal transactions to LU B, and (iii) updates the journal entries in the journal LU with undo information and removes already-applied transactions from the journal. As described below, with reference to FIGS. 2 and 3A-3D, journal entries include four streams, two of which are written when write transaction are entered into the journal, and two of which are written when write transaction are applied and removed from the journal.

Reference is now made to FIG. 2, which is a simplified illustration of a write transaction 200 for a journal. The journal may be used to provide an adaptor for access to storage 120 at the state it was in at any specified point in time. Since the journal contains the “undo” information necessary to rollback storage system 120, data that was stored in specific memory locations at the specified point in time may be obtained by undoing write transactions that occurred subsequent to such point in time.

Write transaction 200 generally includes the following fields:

one or more identifiers;

a time stamp, which is the date & time at which the transaction was received by source side DPA 112;

a write size, which is the size of the data block;

a location in journal LU 176 where the data is entered;

a location in LU B where the data is to be written; and

the data itself.

Write transaction 200 is transmitted from source side DPA 112 to target side DPA 124. As shown in FIG. 2, DPA 124 records the write transaction 200 in four streams. A first stream, referred to as a DO stream, includes new data for writing in LU B. A second stream, referred to as an DO METADATA stream, includes metadata for the write transaction, such as an identifier, a date & time, a write size, a beginning address in LU B for writing the new data in, and a pointer to the offset in the do stream where the corresponding data is located. Similarly, a third stream, referred to as an UNDO stream, includes old data that was overwritten in LU B; and a fourth stream, referred to as an UNDO METADATA, include an identifier, a date & time, a write size, a beginning address in LU B where data was to be overwritten, and a pointer to the offset in the undo stream where the corresponding old data is located.

In practice each of the four streams holds a plurality of write transaction data. As write transactions are received dynamically by target DPA 124, they are recorded at the end of the DO stream and the end of the DO METADATA stream, prior to committing the transaction. During transaction application, when the various write transactions are applied to LU B, prior to writing the new DO data into addresses within the storage system, the older data currently located in such addresses is recorded into the UNDO stream.

By recording old data, a journal entry can be used to “undo” a write transaction. To undo a transaction, old data is read from the UNDO stream in a reverse order, from the most recent data to the oldest data, for writing into addresses within LU B. Prior to writing the UNDO data into these addresses, the newer data residing in such addresses is recorded in the DO stream.

The journal LU is partitioned into segments with a pre-defined size, such as 1 MB segments, with each segment identified by a counter. The collection of such segments forms a segment pool for the four journaling streams described hereinabove. Each such stream is structured as an ordered list of segments, into which the stream data is written, and includes two pointers—a beginning pointer that points to the first segment in the list and an end pointer that points to the last segment in the list.

According to a write direction for each stream, write transaction data is appended to the stream either at the end, for a forward direction, or at the beginning, for a backward direction. As each write transaction is received by DPA 124, its size is checked to determine if it can fit within available segments. If not, then one or more segments are chosen from the segment pool and appended to the stream's ordered list of segments.

Thereafter the DO data is written into the DO stream, and the pointer to the appropriate first or last segment is updated. Freeing of segments in the ordered list is performed by simply changing the beginning or the end pointer. Freed segments are returned to the segment pool for re-use.

When a write transaction is received, journaling is thus advanced as indicated in TABLE I below.

TABLE I Entering a write transaction in the journal Step 1 The new data is written at the end of the DO stream, assuming a forward write direction, and corresponding metadata is written at the end of the DO METADATA stream. Step 2 Data is read from the beginning of the DO stream, and corresponding metadata is read from the beginning of the DO METADATA stream. Step 3 Old data to be overwritten is read from LU B. The location and size of such old data is determined from the DO METADATA stream. Step 4 The old data is written at the end of the UNDO stream, and corresponding metadata is written at the end of the UNDO METADATA stream. Step 5 The new data read at Step 2 is written into LU B, and the beginning and end pointers of the DO and DO METADATA streams are moved appropriately.

Conversely, during a rollback to undo a write transaction, the above operations are reversed, as indicated in TABLE II below.

TABLE II Undoing a write transaction in the journal Step 1 Read the data and metadata from the end of the UNDO and UNDO METADATA streams. Step 2 Read from LU B the data that is to be overwritten. The location and size of such data is determined from the UNDO METADATA stream. Step 3 Write the data from Step 2 at the beginning of the DO stream, and update the DO METADATA stream accordingly. Step 4 Write the data from Step 1 to LU B, and update the beginning and end pointers of the UNDO and UNDO metadata streams appropriately.

The following example, in conjunction with FIGS. 3A-3D, describes specific details of the journaling process. A journal volume includes a plurality of segments from a segment pool, each segment including 20 data blocks.

Three write transactions are received, as indicated in TABLE III.

TABLE III Example Write Transactions Write LU B Journal ID Time location Length LU location 1 Dec. 3, 2005 LU B 15 blocks Segment 1, 10:00:00.00 offset 57 blocks offset 0 2 Dec. 3, 2005 LU B 20 blocks Segment 1, 10:00:00.05 offset 87 blocks offset 15 3 Dec. 3, 2005 LU B 20 blocks Segment 3, 10:00:00.18 offset 12 blocks Offset 15

The following discussion describes four stages of journaling and data storage; namely,

Stage #1: Enter the three write transactions as journal entries in the journal LU.

Stage #2: Apply the first write transaction to LU B.

Stage #3: Apply the second write transaction to LU B.

Stage #4: Rollback the second write transaction, to recover data from an earlier point in time.

The write transaction with ID=1 is written to the first 15 blocks of Segment #1. The metadata corresponding to this transaction is written to the first block of Segment #2. The second write transaction with ID=2 is written to the last 5 blocks of Segment #1 and the first 15 blocks of Segment #3. The metadata corresponding to this transaction is written to the second block of Segment #2. The third write transaction with ID=3 is written to the last 5 blocks of Segment #3 and the first 15 blocks of Segment #4. The metadata corresponding to this transaction is written to the third block of Segment #2.

Thus at stage #1, the DO stream in memory includes a list of segments 1, 3, 4; and a beginning pointer to offset=0 in Segment #1 and an end pointer to offset=10 in Segment #4. The DO METADATA stream in memory includes a list of one segment, namely Segment #2; and a beginning pointer to offset=0 in Segment #2 and an end pointer to offset=3 in Segment #2. The UNDO stream and the UNDO METADATA stream are empty. The journal and the four streams at the end of stage #1 are illustrated in FIG. 3A.

At stage #2 the write transaction with ID=1 is applied to LU B. New data to be written is read from the journal LU at the offset and length indicated in the DO METADATA; namely, 15 blocks of data located in blocks 0-14 of journal volume Segment #1. Correspondingly, old data is read from LU B at the offset and length indicated in the UNDO METADATA; namely, 15 blocks of data located in blocks 57-71 of LU B. The old data is then written into the UNDO stream in the journal LU, and the associated metadata is written into the UNDO METADATA stream in the journal LU. Specifically, for this example, the UNDO data is written into the first 15 blocks of Segment #5, and the UNDO METADATA is written into the first block of Segment #6. The beginning pointer of the UNDO data stream is set to offset=0 in Segment #5, and the end pointer is set to offset=15 in Segment #5. Similarly, the beginning pointer of the UNDO METADATA stream is set to offset=0 on Segment #6, and the end pointer is set to offset=1 in Segment #6.

At this point, the new data that was read from blocks 0-14 of journal LU Segment #1 is written to blocks 57-71 of LU B. The beginning pointer for the DO stream is moved forward to block 15 of journal LU Segment #1, and the beginning pointer for the DO METADATA stream is moved forward to block 1 of journal LU Segment #2. The journal and the four streams at the end of stage #2 are illustrated in FIG. 3B.

At stage #3 the write transaction with ID=2 is applied to the storage system. As above, 20 blocks of new data are read from blocks 15-19 of journal LU Segment #1 and from blocks 0-14 of journal LU Segment #3. Similarly, 20 blocks of old data are read from blocks 87-106 of LU B. The old data is written to the UNDO stream in the last 5 blocks of journal LU Segment #5 and the first 15 blocks of journal LU Segment #7. The associated metadata is written to the UNDO METADATA stream in the second block of Segment #6. The list of segments in the UNDO stream includes Segment #5 and Segment #7. The end pointer of the UNDO stream is moved to block 15 of Segment #7, and the end pointed of the UNDO METADATA stream is moved to block 2 of Segment #6.

Finally, the new data from blocks 15-19 of journal LU Segment #1 and blocks 0-14 of journal LU Segment #3 is written into blocks 87-106 of LU B. The beginning pointer for the DO stream is moved forward to block 15 of journal volume Segment #3, and the beginning pointer for the DO METADATA stream is moved forward to block 2 of journal LU Segment #2. Segment #1 is freed from the DO stream, for recycling within the segment pool, and the list of segments for the DO stream is changed to Segment #3 and Segment #4. The journal and the four streams at the end of stage #3 are illustrated in FIG. 3C.

At stage #4 a rollback to time 10:00:00.00 is performed. Since the write transaction with ID=3 was not applied yet, the only write transaction to be undone is the write transaction with ID=2. The last entry is read from the UNDO METADATA stream, the location of the end of the UNDO METADATA stream being determined by its end pointer, i.e., the metadata before block 2 of journal LU Segment #6 is read, indicating two areas each of 20 blocks; namely, (a) the last 5 blocks of journal LU Segment #5 and the first 15 blocks of journal LU Segment #7, and (b) blocks 87-106 of LU B. Area (a) is part of the UNDO stream.

The 20 blocks of data from area (b) are read from LU B and written to the beginning of the DO stream. As the beginning pointer of the DO stream is set to offset=15 of journal LU Segment #3, 5 blocks are written at the end of Segment #3, and the remaining 15 blocks are written to Segment #8. The end pointer for the DO stream is set to block 15 of Segment #8. The list of segments for the DO stream is changed to Segment #3, Segment #4 and Segment #8. The metadata associated with the 20 blocks from area (b) is written to block 3 of Segment #2, and the end pointer of the DO METADATA stream is advanced to block 4 of Segment #2.

The 20 blocks of data in area (a) of the journal LU are then written to area (b) of the LU B. Finally, Segment #7 is freed for recycling in the segment pool, the UNDO stream ending pointer is moved back to Segment #5 of the journal LU, block 15, and the UNDO METADATA stream ending pointed is moved back to Segment #6 of the journal LU, block 1. The journal and the four streams at the end of stage #4 are illustrated in FIG. 3D.

Thus it may be appreciated that the journal is thus used to rollback LU B to the state that it was in at a previous point in time. The journal is also used to selectively access data from LU B at such previous point in time, without necessarily performing a rollback. Selective access is useful for correcting one or more files that are currently corrupt, or for simply accessing old data.

TABLE IV below summarizes the behavior of the special protection components of system 100 during production mode. Reference is also made to FIG. 4, which is a simplified flowchart of a data protection method corresponding to TABLE IV. FIG. 4 is divided into four columns. The leftmost column indicates steps performed by source side protection agent 112, the middle left column indicates steps performed by source side DPA 144, the middle right column indicates steps performed by target side DPA 124, and the rightmost column indicates steps performed by target side protection agent 164.

TABLE IV Normal Production Mode Functionality System Component Behavior Source Side Intercept SCSI commands issued to LU A by Agent 144 source side host via Device A (step 404). Replicate write commands, and route write commands to DPA (steps 408 and 412). Wait for first acknowledgement, from DPA (step 416), and then route replicate I/O command to LU A (step 420). Wait for second acknowledgement, from storage system (step 424), and then process next intercepted SCSI command (step 404). Source Side Receive write command from agent (step 428). DPA 112 Format write command as write transaction, and send to target DPA (step 428). In synchronous mode, wait for acknowledgement from target DPA (step 432), and then send acknowledgement to agent (step 436). In asynchronous mode and in snapshot mode, send acknowledgement to agent without waiting for acknowledgement from target DPA (step 436). Target Side Receive write transaction from source DPA (step DPA 124 444). Enter write transaction in journal DO and DO METADATA streams (step 444), and send back acknowledgement to source DPA (step 448). Process journal entries by applying them to LU B, and enter undo information in UNDO and UNDO METADATA streams (step 440). Target Side Fail SCSI commands issued to LU B (step 452). Agent 164

Only steps with arrows connecting them in FIGS. 4A and 4B are necessarily sequential. Thus steps 432 and 436, which do not have arrows connecting them, are not necessarily sequential. In synchronous mode these steps are sequential, but in asynchronous mode and in snapshot mode they are not sequential. In particular, DPA 112 may send an acknowledgement to protection agent 144 before receiving an acknowledgement back from DPA 124.

It is also noted in FIGS. 4A and 4B that the steps performed by target side DPA 124 include two non-sequential groups; namely, (i) step 440, and (ii) steps 444 and 448.

Recovery mode is generally triggered as a result of a disaster at the source side. The source side data may become corrupt, or may not exist at all. In such case, after recovery is completed at the backup site, a user may perform a failover operation by switching the roles of the production site and backup site. The original backup site becomes a current production site, and the original production site becomes a current backup site. Alternatively, recovery mode can be triggered without a failover, in order to access data from a previous point in time.

While in recovery mode, target site DPA 124 continues to receive new write transactions from DPA 112 and enter them at the ends of the DO and DO METADATA streams. However, unlike production mode behavior, DPA 124 stops applying journal entries received from DPA 112 to LU B. Instead, DPA 124 uses the UNDO stream of the journal to rollback LU B, as described hereinabove.

During recovery, after or possibly before rollback of LU B is complete, a user may wish to access data from the target site. To this end, protection agent 164 stops failing I/O requests issued by host computer 160 and begins redirecting them to DPA 124. The processing of data by host computer 160 during recovery mode is referred to as “target side processing (TSP)”.

To manage TSP write commands that are received by target side DPA 124, journal processor 180 uses two additional data streams, referred to as TSP DO and TSP METADATA streams. When a TSP write command is received by DPA 124, it is entered at the end of the TSP DO stream and the end of the TSP DO METADATA stream. Since TSP writes relate to the state of LU B after the rollback is complete, the TSP DO stream writes are only applied to LU B after rollback is complete. Journal processor 180 applies TSP writes to LU B in a way similar to the way it applies write transactions deceiver from DPA 112; namely, journal processor 180 maintains the undo information for each write applied to LU B, in TSP UNDO and TSP UNDO METADATA streams.

When TSP read commands are received by target site DPA 124, DPA 124 returns the data to be read by identifying locations of the read command, and finding the most recent TSP write command or commands that were applied at these locations. The data is searched for (i) first in the TSP DO stream, and (ii) then in the journal UNDO data that was not yet applied to LU B and (iii) finally, if the data was not found in (i) and (ii), then the data is taken from LU B itself. In order to perform such a search efficiently, DPA 124 generates and stores in its memory a virtual image of the UNDO METADATA storage locations by using an efficient data structure, such as a binary search tree.

After rollback is completed, the TSP writes that were performed during the rollback are applied to LU B, and DPA 124 begins applying TSP writes synchronously; i.e., TSP writes are applied to LU B when they are received by DPA 124, without keeping them in the TSP DO stream. As such, when a read command is received after rollback is complete, it is sent directly to LU B instead of being redirected through DPA 124.

TABLES V and VI below summarize the behavior of the special protection components of system 100 during recovery mode, before and after the rollback is complete. Reference is also made to FIGS. 5A, 5B, 6A and 6B which are simplified flowcharts of data protection methods corresponding to TABLES V and VI, respectively. FIGS. 5A, 5B, 6A and 6B are divided into four columns. The leftmost column indicates steps performed by target side protection agent 164, the middle left column indicates steps performed by target side DPA 124, the middle right column indicates steps performed by source side DPA 112, and the rightmost column indicates steps performed by source side protection agent 144.

TABLE V Recovery Functionality prior to Completion of Rollback System Component Behavior Target Side Intercept SCSI commands issued to LU B (step 576). Agent 164 Redirect commands to DPA (step 580). Target Side Use UNDO stream of journal to roll back target storage DPA 124 system (step 540). Continue receiving write transactions from DPA 112 and enter these transactions into DO and DO METADATA streams without applying them to LU B (step 548). Enter TSP write transactions to TSP DO and TSP DO METADATA streams (step 564). Create a virtual image, to reply to read commands issued during the recovery process (step 572). Source Side As in production mode. DPA 112 Source Side As in production mode. Agent 144

TABLE VI Recovery Functionality after Completion of Rollback System Component Behavior Target Side Intercept SCSI commands issued to LU B (step 664). Agent 164 Redirect write transactions to DPA (step 672), and route read commands directly to LU B (step 680). Target Side Apply TSP write transactions to LU B, in the same manner DPA 124 that write transactions received from DPA 112 are applied in production mode; i.e., by entering data into TSP UNDO and TSP UNDO METADATA streams (step 640). Enter DO information and write transactions received from DPA 112 into DO and DO METADATA streams, without applying them to LU B (step 644). Apply TSP write transactions to LU B as they are received (step 656). Source Side As in production mode. DPA 112 Source Side As in production mode. Agent 144

It is also noted in FIGS. 5A and 5B that the steps performed by target side DPA 124 include three non-sequential groups; namely, (i) step 540, (i) steps 548 and 552, and (iii) steps 556, 560, 564, 568 and 572. Similarly in FIGS. 6A and 6B target side DPA performs three non-sequential groups of steps; namely, (i) step 640, (ii) steps 644 and 648, and (iii) steps 652, 656 and 660.

Reference is now made to FIG. 7, which is a simplified illustration of a time-line for tracking new processing of old data. FIG. 7 illustrates journal processor 180 bringing the timeline back to a previous time, TOLD, and journal processor 180 applying TSP writes to bring the timeline forward from time TCURRENT to time TNEW. As shown in FIG. 7, current data at time (1) is rolled back to old data at time (2). After rolling back the data to time (2), the rolled back data becomes the image upon which target side processing advances to new data at time (3); i.e., the target side processing is applied to data (2) and not to data (1).

The data at time (1) is a common image for LU A and LU B at the same point in time, TCURRENT. Similarly, the data at time (2) is a common image for LU A and LU B at time TOLD. Rolled back data at time (2) may be processed by TSP writes, while at the same time current data at time (1) is being processed by source side writes. As such, the data evolves along the path from time (2) to time (3) as it is processed by the target side, and along the path from time (2) to time (4) as it is processed by the source side. The data images at the source and target sides at time TNEW are thus different.

When the recovery process is completed, the user may (i) return to a normal production mode, or (ii) perform a failover by switching the replication direction. In case (i), LU B is rolled back to its state at time (2), and the write transactions along the path from (2) to (4) are applied to LU B, so as to bring LU B to the same image as LU A. Conversely, in case (ii), LU B is maintained at its state at time (3), and its data is copied from the target side to the source side so as to bring LU A to the same image as LU B.

It may be appreciated that after rolling back the UNDO data stream to LU B, the state of the target side storage is substantially identical to the state that LU A was in at an earlier point in time. However, after applying TSP writes, the state of LU B is then in a new state that is different from the earlier state of LU A. As such, in order to return to a normal production mode, and ensure that LU B is a copy of LU A, DPA 124 undoes the TSP writes that were written to LU B using the TSP undo stream, and then returns to its normal production mode and begins applying the data that was written into the DO stream. The DO stream includes all write transactions that were undone while LU B was rolled back. Additionally, the DO stream includes new journal entries that were received from DPA 112 while DPA was in recovery mode. Similarly, protection agent 164 returns to its production mode by beginning to fail I/O requests issued by host 116.

Alternatively, the user want to perform a failover; i.e., to make LU B in its current state a production LU and ensure that LU A is a copy of LU B. In this case the write transactions in the DO stream that correspond to a point in time subsequent to the recovered point in time are ignored. Additionally, the TSP writes that were applied to LU B during the recovery process are applied to LU A. Thereafter, the replication direction changes. Specifically, DPA 124 and protection agent 164 begin behaving in accordance with source site behavior, and DPA 112 and protection agent 144 begin behaving in accordance with target site behavior.

It may be appreciated that in order to provide failover capability, in which the roles of the production site and the backup site are switched, it is desirable that the source side has the necessary system components to function as a target side, and vice versa. Thus, in one example, the source side includes its own journal LU 184 and journal processor 188, as indicated with dotted lines in FIG. 1.

Referring back to TABLE I, it may be appreciated that during normal data replication, for each write transaction received from a production site, there are five I/O operations performed at a backup site. Reference is now made to FIG. 8, which is a simplified illustration of a 5-stage journaling process for continuous data replication. The five steps shown in FIG. 8 correspond respectively to the five steps listed in TABLE I. For the sake of clarity, FIG. 8 only shows three meta-data elements; namely, a size, a journal address and a storage address. It may be appreciated that the meta-data in the DO METADATA and UNDO METADATA streams includes an ID, a time, and other attributes.

In one example, the meta-data for each transaction is of a fixed size, typically 30 bytes. The raw data varies in size, typically averaging around 10 KB per transaction.

As write transactions performed at a production site vary in frequency, and as each write transaction at the production site normally requires five I/O transactions at the backup site, it may be appreciated that the size of the DO stream grows and shrinks accordingly. When the I/O rate is low, the beginning of the DO stream is close to the end of the DO stream. In such case, it is possible to keep all write transactions between the beginning and the end of the DO stream in memory, and there is no need to read the beginning of the DO stream for every new transaction received in the backup site. As such, step 2 may be skipped.

Reference is now made to FIG. 9, which is a simplified illustration of a 4-stage journaling process for continuous data replication, for use when an I/O data rate is low. The first step in FIG. 9 copies the write transaction to the end of the DO stream and the end of the DO METADATA stream, as in the 5-stage journaling process. Unlike, the 5-stage journaling process, though, instead of reading write transaction data from the beginning of the DO and DO METADATA streams, the 4-stage journaling process takes advantage of the fact that the write transaction that was just received at the backup site is still resident in memory. For this write transaction, steps 3-5 are performed, as indicated in FIG. 9.

However, during the steps 3 to 5 distribution of the write transaction that was just received, it is possible that a new transaction arrives at the backup site. In order to keep pace with the arriving transaction, as each write transaction is entered into the ends of the DO and DO METADATA streams, the write transaction is written into the end of a queue in memory. In one example, the queue in memory is handled similar to the way the DO stream is handled; namely, each received write is appended to the end of the queue, and when a write transaction is distributed according to steps 3 to 5, a subsequent write transaction is taken from the beginning of the queue. Effectively, the queue corresponds to a cached DO stream.

The 4-stage journaling process is used until the queue in memory is full, at which point the normal 5-stage journal processing is resumed. Also in the event of a disaster, the normal 5-stage journal processing is resumed. In order to resume the 5-stage journal processing, it is important to identify the last write in the DO stream that was written. As such, even during the 4-stage journal processing, the pointers to the first and last write transactions in the DO stream are updated.

Conversely, when the I/O rate is high, in order to control the size of the DO stream and ensure that it does not overflow its disk allotment, the normal 5-stage mode may be switched to a faster 3-stage mode whenever the DO stream reaches a large percentage of its maximum capacity, typically 80%. The faster 3-stage mode is switched back to the normal 5-stage mode whenever the DO stream is reduced to a smaller percentage of its maximum capacity, typically 75%.

The 3-stage mode eliminates steps 3 and 4 from the normal mode; namely, the steps that record the UNDO information. As such, rollback of the backup storage unit to its state at the times of those transactions processed with the 3-stage mode is not possible.

Reference is now made to FIG. 10, which is a simplified illustration of a 3-stage journaling process for continuous data replication, for use when the DO stream is near its maximum capacity.

TABLE VII summarizes the relative pros and cons of each of the journaling processes described hereinabove.

TABLE VII Pros and Cons of Journaling Processes Journaling Process Pros Cons 3-Stage Journaling Fastest replication time Long time to recover to current time 4-Stage Journaling Moderate replication Only able to be used time; Full data recovery as long as the beginning capability and the end of the DO stream are close 5-Stage Journaling Full data recovery Slowest replication capability time

One data replication strategy is the set of automated rules for controlling when a data replication system transitions between 5-stage, 4-stage and 3-stage journal processing. As mentioned hereinabove, transitions from 5-stage to 3-stage journaling, and from 3-stage back to 5-stage journaling, may be controlled based on the current size of the DO stream. Transitions from 5-stage to 4-stage journaling may be automated to occur when the beginning and end of the DO stream are close; and transitions from 4-stage back to 5-stage journaling may be automated to occur when the memory queue reaches its capacity.

Reference is now made to FIG. 11, which is a simplified state diagram of transitions between 5-stage, 4-stage and 3-stage journal processing. Shown in FIG. 11 are three nodes, representing each of the journaling processes, and directed edges between the nodes corresponding to rules that govern transitions therebetween. As shown in FIG. 11, a 5-stage to 3-stage transition occurs when the size of the DO stream exceeds 80% of its allotted capacity, and a 3-stage to 5-stage transition occurs when the size of the DO stream falls under 75% of its allotted capacity. Similarly, a 5-stage to 4-stage transition occurs when the beginning and end of the DO stream are close; and a 4-stage to 5-stage transition occurs when the memory queue reaches its capacity.

It will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that using 4-stage journaling enables a data replication system to keep pace with higher I/O rates than can be handled when using 5-stage journaling. If the system is currently using 5-stage journaling and the I/O rate is higher than can be handled, a lag increases until the system necessarily transitions to the 3-stage journaling process. However, if the system can catch up with the lag, empty the DO stream and transition to a 4-stage journaling process, then the system can accommodate higher I/O rates before transitioning back to the 5-stage journaling process.

In this regard, it is noted that in general, if the system cannot keep pace with I/O rates using a 4-stage journaling process, then it most probably cannot keep pace using a 5-stage journaling process, and in either case the system would have to transition to a 3-stage journaling process. However, since the I/O rate changes continuously, a transition from 4-stage journaling to 5-stage journaling does not necessarily push the system to 3-stage journaling.

Reference is now made to FIG. 12, which is a simplified illustration of a variant of the three-stage journaling process shown in FIG. 10. The alternative 3-stage journaling proceeds according to the last three stages of the 4-stage journaling process. That is, the stage of writing to the DO stream is skipped within 4-stage journaling, for the alternative embodiment of 3-stage journaling. When performing 4-stage journaling, the backup site DPA (element 124 of FIG. 1) can return an acknowledgement to the production site DPA (element 112 of FIG. 1) immediately after the first stage, when the write transaction is written to the DO stream. However, when performing the alternative 3-stage journaling, the backup site DPA must wait until the write transaction is written to storage, before it can return an acknowledgement to the production site DPA. Since the last three stages of 4-stage journaling can be performed in a separate thread than the thread that performs the first stage, the alternative 3-stage journaling may result in a longer time lag between the source and target sites.

In another aspect, during the initialization process to synchronize first and second volumes a map is generated to identify changes between a current volume state and the most updated state. The map is used to enable signature testing only on locations where the volume is updated.

A delta marker stream contains the locations that may be different between the latest I/O data which arrived to the remote side (the current remote site) and the latest I/O data which arrived at the local side. In particular, the delta marking stream includes metadata of the differences between the source side and the target side. For example, every I/O reaching the data protection appliance for the source 112 is written to the delta marking stream and data is freed from the delta marking stream when the data safely arrives at both the source volume of replication 108 and the remote journal 180 (e.g., DO stream). Specifically, during an initialization process no data is freed from the delta marking stream; and only when the initialization process is completed and I/O data has arrived to both local storage and the remote journal data is I/O data from the delta marking stream freed. When the source and target are not synchronized, data is not freed from the delta marking stream. The initialization process starts by merging delta marking streams of the target and the source so that the delta marking stream includes a list of all different locations between local and remote sites. For example, a delta marking stream at the target might have data too if a user has accessed an image at the target site.

The initialization process creates one virtual disk out of all the available user volumes. The virtual space is divided into a selected number of portions depending upon the amount of data needed to be synchronized. A list of ‘dirty’ blocks is read from the delta marker stream that are relevant to the area currently being synchronized to enable creation of a dirty location data structure. The system begins synchronizing units of data, where a unit of data is a constant amount of dirty data, e.g., a data that needs to be synchronized.

The dirty location data structure provides a list of dirty location until the amount of dirty location is equal to the unit size or until there is no data left. The system begins a so-called ping pong process to synchronize the data.

FIG. 13 shows an exemplary synchronization environment in accordance with exemplary embodiments. During initialization, a first volume 700, such as a local volume (e.g., at the source side), is synchronized with a second volume 602, such as a remote volume (e.g., at the target side). A pinger module 704 on the local appliance 112 and a ponger module 706 on the remote appliance 124 examine data and selectively exchange information to efficiently perform initialization for making data in a remote site identical to data in a local site before replicating data in the remote volume. The local user volume 700 interacts with the pinger module 704, which is coupled to a WAN 707. The remote user volume 702 interacts with the ponger module 706.

In general, the pinger module 704 reads data from a part of the local user volume 700, signs the data (i.e., calculates a hash function of the data), and transmits the signature 708 to the ponger module 706. The ponger module 706 reads from the same part of the remote user volume 702, signs the data, and compares the signatures. The ponger module 706 transmits to the pinger module 704 addresses 710 of the user volume blocks where data differs. If there are differences, the pinger module 704 again reads the data from the local user volume 700 and transmits the data 716 to the distributor 712 on the remote side through a transmitter 711.

As shown in FIG. 14, during initialization process, the distributor 712 processes initialization data from the pinger module 704, which is written to the DO stream 750 while application data arriving in the local site is written to a temporary initialization stream 752. When the initialization data has been sent, the initialization stream 752 and the DO stream 750 are united to create an initialization snapshot and then the data is written to the user volume 700.

Some simplifications are made for the above description. A signature is used only if calculation of data reduction shows that signature usage saves bandwidth. In addition, the signature replacement process can be layered (i.e., calculate all the signature for the unit but at the beginning send only aggregated signatures from local to remote e.g., send a signature for every 256 blocks, then on the remote if the signature on all 256 block is different, check only for the block signature on one block level).

There are a number of reasons to use data signatures for initialization. Bandwidth is saved if local and remote volumes are almost identical, which can happen either if remote storage was restored from backup, or if a disaster causes a loss of markers. Journal space is also saved by using signatures.

However, signatures can be used only if remote user volumes are updated with the latest image. Conventional systems do not use signatures if the remote copy is not updated to the last image. The remote copy may not be the latest for a number of reasons, such as a user being mounted on a point in time image at the remote site, a stoppage of the initialization process, and period in which the system could not handle I/Os in five phase distribution so that a gap is created between the latest image in the journal and the latest image in the user volume, as described in detail above.

In one aspect, when the initialization process begins, if signature usage is not allowed, such as described above, a dirty location map is created to identify locations for which distribution from the DO stream to the UNDO stream has not yet taken place (or data written during logged access mode to the TSP stream). In one embodiment, the dirty location map is generated from the DO metadata stream and the TSP metadata stream. When the dirty location map is ready, the system can begin using data signatures to compare data between local and remote volumes. Signatures are not used for locations in the dirty location map. In addition, if a point in time image is currently mounted or being mounted, the dirty location map is updated with any I/O write operations.

FIG. 15 shows an example of a dirty location map generation. A first volume V1 has blocks 1-6 and a second volume V2 has corresponding blocks 1-6. It is determined that blocks 1, 2, and 3 of the local and remote volumes have differences that need to be addressed for initialization.

The DO stream contains a series of entries including an entry for block 2, which has not yet been distributed. A corresponding entry for block 2 is contained in the DO metadata stream. In the present example, only block 2, of differing blocks 1-3, has an entry in the DO stream, and thus, signatures should not be used for block 2.

A dirty location map DLM is generated from the DO metadata stream. Only the entry for block 2 is set for blocks 1-6 of the volumes since block 2 is the only block contained in the DO metadata stream. In this example, a logical ONE is set in the dirty location map DLM for locations having entries in the DO stream.

In the present example, blocks 1, 2, and 3 were found to have differences to be addressed during initialization. Block 2 has an entry in the DO stream, which is reflected in the dirty location bit map DLM. Thus, a data signature for block 2 should not be sent. However, data signatures can be sent for blocks 1 and 3.

FIG. 16 shows an exemplary process, an initialization process 790, for implementing selective signature transmission for initialization in a continuous data protection system in accordance with exemplary embodiments described herein.

In a process step 800, the initialization process 790 begins to synchronize first and second volumes from a local (source) and a remote (target) sides. In process step 802, differences between blocks in a first volume and corresponding blocks in a second volume are identified. In process step 804, a data stream containing data that has not been distributed to/from the data volumes is examined to identify locations for data distribution. In an exemplary embodiment, the DO metadata stream is examined to identify the locations.

In process step 806, a dirty location map is created in which locations contained in the DO metadata stream are flagged. In an exemplary embodiment, the dirty location map provides a bitmap where each bit corresponds to block. In other embodiments, a bit corresponds to a number of disk blocks. The dirty location map is used such that for flagged locations data signatures are not sent during the initialization process. Data signatures can be used for non-flagged locations. In process step 808, data signatures are sent for locations not flagged in the dirty location map as part of the volume synchronization process.

It is understood that the initialization process can occur while a user is currently mounting an old point in time. During the mount time, data is distributed from the undo stream to the do stream, this process can happen while the initialization process is actually running, meaning, the do stream actually grows and contains more data during the initialization. When data moves from the UNDO stream to the user volume and the redo data is written to the DO stream, the user volume gets less updated and the system needs to add the locations to the dirty location bitmap, so every redo data written to the DO stream updates the bitmap

It is further understood that when the user is already mounted on a point in time in a logged access mode (TSP mode), for every I/O the user writes the system first writes the UNDO data for the I/O.

Synchronous replication means that after a source and target volumes are synchronized, they remain synchronized, i.e., an I/O can be acknowledged to an application only if the I/O arrives to both local storage and remote volumes. There are two modes of synchronous replication: a domino mode and a non-domino mode. In the domino mode, if an I/O fails to be stored at the remote site, the application I/O will also fail and the application itself will fail. In the non-domino mode, if an I/O fails to be stored at the remote volume but is successful in being stored at the local volume, the application will not fail, but the target and source volumes will move to a non-synchronized mode and will need to be resynchronized. When the target and source volumes are not synchronized they are synchronized using the initialization process (see for example, the process 790).

One of the main problems with synchronous replication is that if target site of remote replication is far away, latency is increased and I/Os of the application may slow down since they have to wait for an acknowledgment from the remote site before issuing new I/Os. For example, synchronous replication is generally limited by distance to around 60-100 Km, otherwise the latency in not acceptable.

Array-based synchronous replication means that data is written to the array then the array transfers the data to a remote array. Yet, array-based synchronous replication requires that the I/O data to be saved in two steps thus latency is increased. As described herein the IO data will be written simultaneously to both the local array and to the remote appliance so that latency is decreased. Also, since the synchronization method described herein is network-based, synchronous replication may be achieved over volumes across different source physical arrays.

Referring to FIG. 17, replication using the techniques described herein may be applied to replication schemes that involve a primary node (a production site) copying data to other nodes (target sites). In one example, a network 700 includes a first node 712 a that is a production site. The first node copies data to other nodes in the network including a second node 712 b, a third node 712 c, a fourth node 712 d and a fifth node 712 e. In one example, a full copy of the replicated LUNs as well as a journal exists on in each of the target replica(tion) sites (nodes 712 b-712 e).

Referring to FIGS. 18A and 18B, in some instances, the first node 712 a may cease becoming the production site. For example, the second node 712 b may be designated as the production site and the first node 712 a becomes the target site as shown in FIG. 18A. In another example, the first node 712 a may fail and another node (e.g., the second node 712 b) is selected to be the production site as shown in FIG. 18B. In some examples, a user designates the new production site. In other examples, a new production site is designated based on stored criteria. In further example, a production site is set per consistency group, and each delta marking stream described herein is also per consistency group, i.e., for each consistency group, the delta marking streams are independent.

When a production site is changed it is important that replication will become fully functional as fast as possible and also to avoid doing a full resynchronization between the production site and the other replica sites. In order to avoid the full resynchronization between the product and replica sites, the journal and specifically the metadata in the journal are leveraged. For example, periodically, the system will create a bookmark (snapshot) for all replicated copies. The bookmark includes a timestamp as well as a unique ID (to avoid clock skew problems). An end of snapshot message is then stored in each of the remote replica copies and based on this snapshot, the system is able to return back to synchronization after the production site has changed with just a minor rather than a full resynchronization. In such a configuration, there is a delta marking stream that tracks differences between sites for every pair of different nodes. For example, if the first node 712 a replicates data to the second node 712 b, there is a delta marking stream of the differences between the first node 712 a and the second node 712 b stored at the journal on the first node site 712 a. There is also a delta marking stream containing the differences between the third node 712 c and the second 712 b stored on the journal at the third node 712 c, which tracks the changes when the third node 712 c is or about to become the production site.

Referring to FIG. 19, when the production site changes from the first node 712 a to the second node 712 b, the second node 712 b is prepared to become the new production site. In one example, a process 800 is an example of a process for designating the second node 712 b as the production site from the first node 712 a and preparing the second node 712 b to replicate data to other nodes (e.g., the third node 712 c). While replicating from the second node 712 b to the third node 712 c is shown herein, process 800 may be used with another node in the network (712 c-712 e). In addition, replication may be performed in a cascading fashion using process 800. For example, the second node 712 a (production side) may replicate data to a third node 712 c (target site) as described herein and then the third node 712 c may become a production site for replicating data to other nodes (not shown).

Process 800 changes a production site from the first node 712 a to the second node 712 b (802). For example, the user designates the second node 712 b as the new production site. In another example, the first node 712 a fails and the second node 712 b is selected to be the new production site. Process 800 records the time of the change over, P_(i), (808). The time, P_(i), is the point in time the user accessed before failing over to the second node 712 b, i.e., the point in time the user wants to fail over to when the second node 712 b becomes the new production site.

Referring to FIG. 19, process 800 determines a latest common point in time, P_(x), between the second node 712 b and the third node 712 c that metadata was copied (814). In one example this is done by comparing the DO metadata and UNDO METADATA streams from the production site (the second node 712 b) and the target site (the third node 712 c). If it is determined (816) that the latest common point in time, P_(x), does not exist a full resynchronization will occur (818).

Referring to FIGS. 20A and 20B, in one particular example, the second node 712 b includes data in a DO METADATA stream that was stored between 1 pm and 5 pm while its UNDO METADATA stream has data stored between the 5 am and 1 pm (FIG. 20A) and the third node 712 c includes data in a DO METADATA stream that was stored between 3 pm and 6 pm while its UNDO METADATA stream has data stored between the 11 am and 3 pm (FIG. 20B). P₁, P₂, P₃ and P₄ represent points in time that data has been replicated. The time, P_(i), represents the failover point in time that the second node 712 b, i.e., a point in time the second node 712 b replicates data to the other nodes (e.g., 712 c-712 e). In this example, only P₂ and P₃ are represented in one of the DO or UNDO METADATA streams for both nodes 712 a and 712 b. Since the data saved at time, P₃, was saved after the data at time, P₂, was saved; data at the time, P₃, would be the latest common point in time, P_(x).

Referring back to FIG. 19, process 800 adds metadata changes, between the time, P_(x), to a latest point in time that data arrived at the DO and UNDO metadata streams of the third node 712 c, to a delta marking stream between the third node and the second node stored on the journal of the third node 712 c (820). For example, as described herein, for each pair of copies there is a delta marker stream that includes the locations suspected as being different between the two nodes. The delta marking stream is empty and not used until there is actually replication between two nodes (e.g., replication between the third node 712 c and the second node 712 b). For example, in FIG. 17, the delta marking stream of the differences between the second node 712 b and the third node 712 c is empty because there is no copying being done between the second node 712 b and the third node 712 c. The delta marking stream is stored at the journal of the second node 712 b. In addition, there is also a delta marking stream at the third node 712 c of the differences between the third node 712 c and the second node 712 b. For example, metadata changes tracked in the DO METADATA stream from P₃ to 6 pm are added to a delta marking stream of the differences between the third node 712 c and second node 712 b stored on the journal of the third node 712 c. In one example, since it is undesirable to maintain these delta marking streams all the time, the process 800 only creates the difference sets just before replication is started between two nodes.

Process 800 determines an earliest time, P_(L), between the time, P_(x), and the time P_(i), (828). In the example, used in FIGS. 20A and 20B, the earliest time, P_(L), between the time, P₃, and the time, P_(i), is the time, P₃.

Process 800 adds all the metadata changes from the time P_(L) to the latest point in time data is received at the DO and UNDO METADATA streams of the second node 712 b to a delta marking stream of the differences between the second node 712 b and the third node 712 c stored on the second node 712 b (834). For example, if the time, P_(L), equals the time, P₃, then process 800 adds all the changes from the time, P₃, to 5 pm (which is the latest point in time that data was received at the second node 712 b) to the delta marking stream of the differences between the second node 712 b and the third node 712 c stored on the second node 712 b.

Process 800 performs an initialization (846) and replication (850). In particular, a remote delta marking stream, which is the delta marking stream stored at the third node 712 c containing the differences between the second node 712 b and the third node 712 c, is copied to a local delta marking stream which is the delta marking stream of the differences between the second node 712 b and the third node 712 c, stored at the second node 712 b. After copying is complete, the remote delta marking stream between the third node 712 c and the second 712 b may be cleared. After the delta marking streams are copied, the journal at the second node 712 b, which is the new production site, may be erased, and replication starts between the second node 712 b and the third node 712 c, and then the standard initialization process begins similar to what is described herein. For example, a standard initialization is performed similar to the process 790 in FIG. 16.

Referring to FIG. 21, if the original production site (e.g., the first node 712 a) remains and replication between the second node 712 b and the first node 712 a is initiated, the process 800 is slightly different as depicted in FIG. 21 for a process 800′. In particular, the first node 712 a which was the old production site has no DO and UNDO METADATA streams but has a delta marking stream of the differences between the first node 712 a and the second node 712 b that is active. In this case, (after the production site has changed (802) and the time of failover, P_(i), has been recorded (808)) at the second node 712 b, the metadata differences between the time, P_(i), and the latest point in time data is received at the DO METADATA stream are added to the already active delta marking stream of the differences between the second node 712 b and the first node 712 a stored on the second 712 b (820′). Data from the delta marking stream stored at the first node 712 a is copied to the delta marking stream stored at the second node 712 b (820′), and the delta marking stream at the first node 712 b may be cleared. Process 800′ performs initialization 846 and replication (850).

FIG. 22 is an example of a computer 900, which may be used to execute all or part of the processes of 800 and 800′. In one example, computer 900 may be a node 712 a-712 e in FIGS. 17, 18A and 18B. Computer 900 includes a processor 902, a volatile memory 904, a non-volatile memory 906 (e.g., hard disk), for example, and a graphical user interface 908 (e.g., a mouse, a keyboard, a touch screen and so forth). Non-volatile memory 906 includes an operating system 916; data 918 including a delta marking stream 940 and journal data 942 including a DO stream, an UNDO stream, a DO metadata stream, an UNDO metadata stream and an initialization stream; and computer instructions 912 which are executed out of volatile memory 904 to perform all or part of processes 800 and 800′.

The processes described herein (e.g., processes 800 and 800′) are not limited to use with the hardware and software of FIG. 22; they may find applicability in any computing or processing environment and with any type of machine or set of machines that is capable of running a computer program. The processes may be implemented in hardware, software, or a combination of the two. The processes may be implemented in computer programs executed on programmable computers/machines that each includes a processor, a storage medium or other article of manufacture that is readable by the processor (including volatile and non-volatile memory and/or storage elements), at least one input device, and one or more output devices. Program code may be applied to data entered using an input device to perform processes 800 and 800′, for example, and to generate output information.

The processes described herein are not limited to the specific embodiments described herein. For example, the processes are not limited to the specific processing order of the process steps in FIGS. 19 and 21. Rather, any of the processing steps of FIG. 19 may be re-ordered, combined or removed, performed in parallel or in serial, as necessary, to achieve the results set forth above.

Process steps in FIGS. 19 and 21 associated with implementing the system may be performed by one or more programmable processors executing one or more computer programs to perform the functions of the system. All or part of the system may be implemented as, special purpose logic circuitry (e.g., an FPGA (field programmable gate array) and/or an ASIC (application-specific integrated circuit)).

While the invention is shown and described in conjunction with a particular embodiment having an illustrative architecture having certain components in a given order, it is understood that other embodiments well within the scope of the invention are contemplated having more and fewer components, having different types of components, and being coupled in various arrangements. Such embodiments will be readily apparent to one of ordinary skill in the art. All documents cited herein are incorporated herein by reference. Other embodiments not specifically described herein are also within the scope of the following claims. 

1. A method, comprising: changing a production site from a first node to a second node; recording a point in time, P_(i), of the production site failover from the first node to the second node; replicating data from the second node to a third node that is not the first node, the replicating comprising: determining a latest common point in time, P_(x), that metadata changes were received between the second node and the third node; adding metadata changes between the time, P_(x), and a latest point in time that metadata was received at the third node to a first delta marking stream on the third node, the first delta marking stream comprising differences between the third node and the second node; determining an earliest time, P_(L), between the time, P_(i), and the time, P_(x); and adding metadata changes from the time, P_(L), to the latest point in time that metadata was received at the second node to a second delta marking stream on the second node, the second delta marking stream comprising differences between the third node and the second node.
 2. The method of claim 1, further comprising performing full resynchronization if the latest common point in time, P_(x), is not determined.
 3. The method of claim 1, further comprising performing initialization.
 4. The method of claim 1 wherein a user designates the time, P.
 5. The method of claim 1 wherein changing a production site from a first node to a second node comprises changing a production site from a first node to a second node if the first node fails.
 6. The method of claim 1 wherein changing a production site from a first node to a second node comprises changing a production site from a first node to a second node if designated by a user.
 7. The method of claim 1 wherein determining a latest common point in time, P_(x), that metadata changes were received between the second node and the third node comprises determining a latest common point in time, P_(x), that metadata changes were received at the DO and UNDO METADATA streams of the second and third nodes.
 8. The method of claim 1, further comprising: designating the first node as a target site; and adding the metadata between the time, P_(i), and the latest point in time data is received at a DO METADATA stream of the second node to a delta marker stream of the differences between the second node and the first node at the first node.
 9. An apparatus comprising: circuitry to: change a production site from a first node to a second node; record a point in time, P_(i), of the production site failover from the first node to the second node; replicate data from the second node to a third node that is not the first node, the circuitry to replicate data comprising circuitry to: determine a latest common point in time, P_(x), that metadata changes were received between the second node and the third node; add metadata changes between the time, P_(x), and a latest point in time that metadata was received at the third node to a first delta marking stream on the third node, the first delta marking stream comprising differences between the third node and the second node; determine an earliest time, P_(L), between the time, P_(i), and the time, P_(x); and add metadata changes from the time, P_(L), to the latest point in time that metadata was received at the second node to a second delta marking stream on the second node, the second delta marking stream comprising differences between the third node and the second node.
 10. The apparatus of claim 9 wherein the circuitry comprises at least one of a processor, a memory, programmable logic and logic gates.
 11. The apparatus of claim 9, further comprising circuitry to perform initialization.
 12. The apparatus of claim 9 wherein the circuitry to change a production site from a first node to a second node comprises circuitry to change a production site from a first node to a second node if the first node fails.
 13. The apparatus of claim 9 wherein the circuitry to change a production site from a first node to a second node comprises circuitry to change a production site from a first node to a second node if designated by a user, and wherein a user designates the time, P_(i).
 14. The apparatus of claim 9 wherein the circuitry to determine a latest common point in time, P_(x), that metadata changes were received between the second node and the third node comprises circuitry to determine a latest common point in time, P_(x), that metadata changes were received at the DO and UNDO METADATA streams of the second and third nodes.
 15. The apparatus of claim 9, further comprising circuitry to: designate the first node as a target site; and add the metadata between the time, P_(i), and the latest point in time data is received at a DO METADATA stream of the second node to a delta marker stream of the differences between the second node and the first node at the first node.
 16. An article comprising: a non-transitory machine-readable medium that stores executable instructions that causes a machine to: change a production site from a first node to a second node; record a point in time, P_(i), of the production site failover from the first node to the second node; replicate data from the second node to a third node that is not the first node, the instructions causing the machine to replicate data comprising instructions causing the machine to: determine a latest common point in time, P_(x), that metadata changes were received between the second node and the third node; add metadata changes between the time, P_(x), and a latest point in time that metadata was received at the third node to a first delta marking stream on the third node, the first delta marking stream comprising differences between the third node and the second node; determine an earliest time, P_(L), between the time, P_(i), and the time, P_(x); and add metadata changes from the time, P_(L), to the latest point in time that metadata was received at the second node to a second delta marking stream on the second node, the second delta marking stream comprising differences between the third node and the second node.
 17. The article of claim 16 wherein the circuitry to change a production site from a first node to a second node comprises circuitry to change a production site from a first node to a second node if the first node fails.
 18. The article of claim 16 wherein the circuitry to change a production site from a first node to a second node comprises circuitry to change a production site from a first node to a second node if designated by a user, and wherein a user designates the time, P_(i).
 19. The article of claim 16 wherein the circuitry to determine a latest common point in time, P_(x), that metadata changes were received between the second node and the third node comprises circuitry to determine a latest common point in time, P_(x), that metadata changes were received at the DO and UNDO METADATA streams of the second and third nodes.
 20. The article of claim 16, further comprising circuitry to: designate the first node as a target site; and add the metadata between the time, P_(i), and the latest point in time data is received at a DO METADATA stream of the second node to a delta marker stream of the differences between the second node and the first node stored at the first node. 